Process Schematic for a Conventional Moving Grate Incinerator

Process Schematic for a Conventional Fluidised Bed Incinerator

Schematic of a Gasification Process

Schematic of a Thermal Gasification Process

Gasification Reactions and Thermodynamics

Equilibria Considerations for Gasification Reactions

Effect of Gasification Temperature on Process Parameters

Gasification Reactor Types

Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Gasifier Types

Schematic of a Pyrolysis Process

Pyrolysis Technologies - Process Conditions & Major Products

Proposed Mechanism for Pyrolysis Reactions

Pyrolysis Reactors - Heating Methods & Heating Rates

Gasification Conversion Products

Pyrolysis Conversion Products

Energy De-coupling Possibilities from Pyrolysis

Types of Technology Combination Employed by Processes

Application of Gasification Technologies by Waste Segment

Technology Conversion Matrix

Technology Classification for MSW Processes

Technology Classification for Sewage Sludge Processes

Technology Classification for Biomass Processes

Technology Classifications for Scrap Auto Tyre Processes

Technology Classifications for Post Consumer Wastes Processes

Comparison of Power Outputs from Selected Mixed Waste Processes

Schematic Representation of a Heat Gasifier for Waste Processing

Schematic Representation of a Power Gasifier for Waste Processing

Schematic Representation of a Detached Pyrolysis/Gasification Process

Comparison of Regulation of Thermal Processes for MSW

Options for Char Processing

Comparison of Process Char Handling Strategies

Options for Tar Processing

Tar Handling Strategies for 'Clean' Syngas Production

Pros and Cons of 'Dirty' or 'Clean' Syngas Combustion

Materials Recycling Potential for Selected Processes

Products that can be Generated by Waste Conversion Processes

Reactor Types by Process

Developers of Rotary Indirectly Heated Pyrolysis Reactors

Rotary Reactor Pyrolysis Plants

Current status of Pyrolysis Rotary Reactor Design

Market Segmentation by Facility Scale

Main Markets Currently Targeted by Specific Commercial Processes

Comparison of Commercial Status of All Processes

Cost Contributors for Mixed Waste Processes

Indicative Capital Cost Comparison for Selected Processes

Examples of Licensing Arrangements for Selected Processes

Legend to Juniper's Process Flow Schematics

Alphabetical List of Reviewed Processes

Alcyon TiRec Concept for Scrap Tyre Processing

View of Kaohsiung Tyre Pyrolysis Plant

Schematic of the TwinRec Process

Process Flow Diagram for the TwinRec Process

Alstom TwinRec Net Power Output

Mass Balance for TwinRec

TwinRec Leaching Test Data for Residues from ASR Treatment

Analysis of TIF Fluidised Bed Incinerator References

Experience with Ebara for TIF Fluidised Bed Incinerators

Project Reference list for Alstom Power/Ebara

Andco Torrax Process Schematic (Creteil Plant)

Schematic Representation of the Ande Scientific Process

Mass and Energy Balance for the Ande System

Schematic Representation of the B9 Energy Wood Gasifier

B9 Wood Fuel CHP Plant Mass Balance

Zeltweg Co-gasification Project, Austria

Process Configuration at Zeltweg

Process Schematic for Wood Gasification in Gussing

Haboore Gasification Plant

Process Flow for BAL Pac Pyro-Converter Process

Electrical Power Generation for MSW in the BAL PAC Process

Emissions Data for the BAL PAC Pyro-Converter

BAL PAC Pyrolytic Thermal Converter Installations

Schematic Representation of the Beven Pyrolysis Process

Mass and Energy Balance for the Beven Process

Emissions for the Beven Recycling Process

BPI Pyrolysis Process Flow Diagram

Syngas Composition for the SWERF Process

Schematic Representation of the SWERF Process

View of a SWERF Gasification Plant

Brightstar Environmental's Wollongong plant

Schematic of BTG Gasifier

BTG Project Status

Schematic Representation of the Compact Power Process

Mass Balance Data for Compact Power

Energy Balance Data for Compact Power

Heavy Metal Retention by Ash Residues in Compact Power Process

Temperature/Time Profiles Within the Compact Power Process

Conrad Kleenair Process Schematic

Energy Value of Products Recovered by the Conrad Process

Mass & Energy Balance for Conrad/Kleenair Process

Schematic Representation of the BioTherm Process

Dynamotive BioOil Properties

BioTherm Pilot Plants

10 Tpd BioOil plant in Vancouver

Utilisation options for Dynamotive's BioOil

Schematic Representation of the EPI Fluidised Bed Gasification Process

Mass Balance for EPI System Processing Biomass

EPI Plant in Tacoma, USA

EPI Gasification plants

Gas Composition for the Ensyn Process (with RDF or Biomass feed)

Biosyn Order Status

Ensyn bio-oil yields

Schematic Representation of the Ensyn RTP Process

Ensyn Reference Plants

Red Arrow's Rhinelander Facility containing two Ensyn RTP Plants

Ensyn Biofuel properties

Schematic Representation of the Enersludge Pyrolysis Process

Enersludge Pyrolysis Reactor

Typical Enersludge Product Data

Enersludge Energy Balance

Air Emission Data for the Enersludge Process

Partitioning Heavy Metal Data for Subiaco plant

Metal Leachability from Ash

Cost for Enersludge plants

Process Flow for the Ferco Process

Mass Balance for the BHTGS Process

McNeil Biomass Gasifier at Burlington, Vermont

Schematic of Foster Wheeler's CFB Biomass Gasifier

Feedstock and Energy Output in First Year of Operation in Lahti

Average Syngas Composition for the Lahti CFB Biomass Gasifier

Average Pollutant Levels in the Syngas for the Lahti CFB Biomass Gasifier

Impact on Boiler Emissions of Co-combusting Syngas at Lahti

Foster Wheeler Gasification Plants

Process Schematic for the GEM Gas Conversion Process

Conceptual Drawing of the GEM Converter Reactor

Syngas Composition from the GEM process

Emission Data for the GEM Process

Schematic of the Destec (EGAS) Gasification Reactor

Proler Syngas Process Schematic

Fractionation of Outputs from the Hebco Process

Schematic Diagram of the Heuristic EnvirOcycler

Schematic of the Host Down Draft Gasifier

Schematic of the TOPS Process

Schematic Representation of the JND Gasification Process

Syngas Composition from the JND Gasification Process

Process Parameters for JND

Photograph of a JND Rotary Gasifier Pilot

Average Operating Values for the Krupp Polysius pilot plant

PRENFLO gasification reactor

Schematic Representation of the Puertollano gasification Island

Cleaned Syngas Composition from the PRENFLO Plant at Puertollano

Structure of the Lurgi Group and Related Processes

Lurgi Gasification & Pyrolysis Technologies for Wastes and Biomass

Schematic of the Lurgi Fixed Bed Gasification Reactor

Schematic of the BGL Slagging Gasifier

Commercial Scale LR Gasification Plants

Schematic of the LR Gasification Reactor

Comparison of Syngas Compositions for Air Gasification and the LR Process

Lurgi Wikonex Process Schematic

Lurgi CFB Gasification - Syngas Usage Options

Typical Syngas Composition for Wood Gasified in a CFB

Lurgi CFB Reference Projects for Biomass Feedstock

Pyromelt Process Schematic

Process flow of the MFU-2SV Process

Typical Syngas Composition for the MFU-2SV Process

Typical Process Parameters for the MFU-2SV Process

Process Schematic of the Mitsui R21 Process

Mass Balance Data from Seibu Clean Centre

Energy Balance Data from Seibu Clean Centre

Mitsui R21 Plant in Fukuoka, Japan

Schematic Representation of the MTCI Process

Yield Data for the MTCI Process

Schematic of the Nathaniel Gasifier

Process Flow for the
Nathaniel Gasification Process

Mass Balance for the Nathaniel Gasifier

Emissions from RDF Processing in a Nathaniel Gasifier

A Model 250 Nathaniel Gasifier

Process Arrangement of the NESA Multiple Hearth Pyrolysis/Combustion Furnace

Schematic for the NESA Multiple Hearth Pyrolysis/Combustion Process

Behaviour of Fixed Carbon and Ash in Multiple Hearth Pyrolysis/Combustor

Pyrolysis/Combustion Plant at Ciments D'Origny

Nexus Pilot Plant at Chateaurenard, France

Schematic Representation of the Softer Process

Mass Balance for the Softer Process

Product Yields from the Softer Process for Various Waste Types

Power Export Potential for the Softer Process

Leaching Data for Nexus Solid Residues

Nippon Steel Waste Melting Process Schematic

Mass Balance for Nippon Steel

Power Output for Nippon Steel vs. Conventional Incineration

Lizuka City Plant Using Nippon Steel Waste Melting Technology

Nippon Steel Reference Installations

The NKK Gasification Melting Process

Cross-section of a Noell Gasifier (cooling screen variant)

Cross-section of a Noell Gasifier (cooling wall variant)

Dioxin/Furan Balance for the Noell Entrained Flow Gasifier

Heavy Metal Balance for the Noell Entrained Flow Gasifier

Schematic Representation of the Noell Pyrolysis Process

Schematic of Organic Power Gasification/Combustion Process

Emission Measurements from the Organic Power Plant in Notodden

Typical Mass Balance Data from Organic Power

Waste Bales Prepared for the Organic Power Process

Organic Power's Plant at Tingvoll, Norway

Interior of Peat's Virginia Plant

Schematic Representation of the PKA Pyrolysis Process

Mass Balance for the PKA Process

PKA Granulate Leaching Data

PKA Emissions Data from Syngas Combustion

Net Power Export Potential of PKA Process

PKA Syngas Composition data from MSW Processing at the AVE Plant in Aalen

The PKA Plant in Aalen, Germany

Schematic Representation of the CORAS-H Sludge Gasification Process

PRME Process Data

Photograph of a PRM Energy Systems Gasification System

Reference List for PRME

PRME Bioenergy Plant at Seri Tiram Jaya, Malaysia

PRME Gasification Plant at Jonesboro, USA

Mass and Energy Balance for the Pyrovac Process

Schematic Representation of the Pyrovac IPCC Process

Typical Product Yields from the Pyrocycler Process

Pyrovac Power Output Comparison

Composition of Pyrovac Pyrolysis Gas from Jonquiere Plant

Pyrocycling Plant in Jonquiere

Schematic Representation of a Plasma Gasification Process

Schematic Representation of the Resorption Plasma Gasification Process

Energy Balance for the Resorption Process

Slag Leaching Data for the Resorption Process

The Molten Slag Produced by the Resorption Process

Emissions Data for the Resorption Process

Emissions Data from the RGR Pilot Plant

Photograph of the RGR Pilot Plant Showing the Pyrolysis Reactor

Reference List for Sacone Gasification Plants

View of a Sacone Gasifier

Pyroflam Pyrolysis Reactor

Flow Schematic of a Typical Pyroflam Process Plant

Mass and Energy Balance for the Serpac Pyroflam Process

Emission Data for the Serpac Pyroflam Process

External View of the Pyroflam Plant in Budapest

Inside of the Pyroflam Plant in Budapest

Schematic Representation of the Shell Gasification Process

Siemens Thermal Recycling Process Schematic

Mass Balance for the Siemens Process

Power Output of Siemens vs. Conventional Incineration

Heavy Metal Balance for Siemens Process

View of the Furth Plant during Commissioning

Krupp Uhde PreCon Process Schematic

PreCon Power Output vs. Conventional Incineration

Mass Balance of PreCon Process

Commercial Scale HTW Plants

HTW Gasification Facility at Berrenrath, Germany

Schematic Representation for the Pyropleq Process

Mass Balance for the Pyropleq Process

Energy Recovery from the Pyropleq Process

Pyropleq Emission Data

Wastes to be Processed at the Pyropleq Plant in Dortmund

Photograph of the Burgau Plant

Photograph of the Type of Waste Processed in the Burgau Plant

Schematic Representation of the Texaco Gasification Process

Typical Syngas Composition for the Texaco Gasification Process

Planned Italian Plants Using the Texaco Gasification Process

Schematic Representation of the Thermogenics Process

Schematic of the Thermogenics Gasifier

Schematic Representation of the Thermoselect Process

Pyrolysis and Gasification Reactor of Thermoselect Process

Mass Balance for Thermoselect Process

Leaching Data for Thermoselect Granulate

Emissions from the Thermoselect Process

Heavy Metal & Mercury Balance for Thermoselect Process

Dioxin Levels in the Thermoselect Process

Net Electrical Export of Thermoselect vs. Conventional Incineration

Power Train Design at Karlsruhe

Power Train Design at Ansbach

Power Train Design at Hanau

Development History for Thermoselect

Thermoselect Plant at Karlsruhe, Germany

Thermoselect, Chiba

Thermoselect Order Status

Thermolysis Products from the Eddith Process

Schematic Representation of the Eddith Process

Mass Balance for the Eddith Process

Composition of the Carbor Produced from the Eddith Process

Typical Values for Thide's Pilot Plant Emissions

Emissions from Combusting Carbor Solid Fuel

Eddith Pilot Plant at Vernouillet

Eddith Plant at Nakaminato, Japan

Schematic Representation of the TPS CFB Gasification Process

Mass Balance for TPS Plant at Greve-en-Chianti

Operating Data from the Greve-en-Chianti Plant for RDF

Power Output of TPS Process vs. Conventional Incineration

Air Emission Data Reported for the Greve-en-Chianti Plant

View of the TPS Gasification Plant at Greve-en-Chianti

Photograph of the Arbre Plant, UK

Cross-section of the DTV Reactor

Schematic Representation of the Traidec DTV Process

Mass Balance for the Traidec Process

Traidec Elemental Analysis for Sewage Sludge

View of the Traidec DTV Plant

Pilot Carbo V Installation, Hutte Freiberg

Schematic Representation of the Von Roll RCP Process

RCP Configuration with Waste Water Treatment

RCP Configuration with Zero Effluents

RCP Configuration for Maximum Recycling

Cost Comparison for RCP Recovery Options

Mass Balance for Von Roll RCP Process

Energy Balance for Von Roll RCP Process

Heavy Metal Content of RCP Cement Additive

Power Output of Von Roll vs. Conventional Incineration

Flexibility of the RCP Process

Schematic Flow Diagram for the RCP Process

Schematic of Bremerhaven RCP Process

RCP Plant in Bremerhaven

Schematic Representation of the WGT Process

Mass Balance for the WGT Process

Syngas Composition for Dried Sewage Sludge from the WGT Process

Leaching Data from WGT Solid Residues

WGT Emission Values from Processing Dried Sewage Sludge

Mercury Balance Data from the Waste Gas Technology Pilot Plant

Waste Gas Technology UK Demonstration Plant

WGT Pilot for an Unnamed French company (110 kg/hr)

Schematic of the Waste to Energy Gasifier

Mass and Energy Balance for the Waste to Energy Process

The BRER (Biosolids Recycling & Energy Recovery) Demonstration Plant

Schematic Representation of the Waterwide Gasification Process

Schematic Diagram of the Waterwide Gasifier

Typical Emission Values for the Waterwide Gasification System

The Waterwide System at a Wood Processing Facility in New Zealand

Schematic of the Weidleplan Pyrolysis Process

Mass Balance Data for the Weidleplan Pyrolysis Process

Raw Syngas Composition for a Wellman Gasifier